Citations and Conclusions
*short introductory message*I am not finished with this section -- but it is more complete than not. When this *short introductory message* disappears I will be finished. But I still may have left something else. If you see something I have left out, please email me at vhawkins1952@msn.com.
Carlson cites 1,622 sources.
All my efforts have barely scratched the surface of what he had to say, and I
have been working on this project about three months.
There are two main reasons
that have compelled me to place a small portion of his efforts online. One is
constant harassment by people who think their Malungeon ancestors were
Portuguese. Their position has constantly shifted. People who used to say the
Melungeons were “Portuguese” changed their position to be willing to admit they
were Portuguese and Indian. Now they are reduced to grabbing at straws, and if
they find a single Portuguese anywhere in Virginia or the Carolinas, they pint
to him and say, “He was the ancestor of all the Melungeons”, without proof, and
their only evidence is that he was recorded by someone long ago, as passing
through the American South in Colonial times. Extraordinary claims require
extraordinary proofs. Even if one day a link is made with a single Portuguese
to the Melungeons, one individual hardly makes an “association of Portuguese
Adventurers”, as Dromgoole put it. More recently the DNA testing has proven
there is an African component in the mix as well. Now that cat is out of the
bag as well, it makes it less and less likely that there is any Portuguese
element at all.
My second reason for this
project is that some people misunderstood the results of the Melungeon DNA
Project. They falsely concluded that there was no strong American Indian
component in the mix. Doctor Carlson’s results show that there would have been
no mixed race people called Malungeons, had it not been for the American Indian
component. This needs to be more commonly known. There is a paper trail from
the Saponi Indians at Fort Christanna in Southeastern Virginia to the doorsteps
of the known Malungeon families in Southwestern Virginia and Northeastern
Tennessee. As wily coyote stalks his prey, so Dr. Carlson has sniffed out
little known documents dating from the time period in question.
He shows us the path taken
by the Saponi/Catawba remnant bands down to the present day. I remember as a
child we’d visit a cousins home in the country. They had 160 acres and a creek
ran through it. There wasn’t much water in it, but there were trees meandering
along the length of the creek. A cousin and I would walk down to the creek, and
call his dog, named “Mister”. That dog was amazing. We’d try to fool him by
going around one tree 3 times clockwise, go around another then come back to
the first time and go around it twice counterclockwise, make wild variations in
the path we took, and then sit on 100 feet away and just watch. That dog was
amazing. He’d follow the EXACT path we took, going clockwise 3 times around
that tree. Later come back to it and go counterclockwise the same number of
times we did, and eventually, with his nose to the ground, walk right up to us.
Had he looked up he could have seen us earlier I suppose, but I always thought
it was ‘magic’ he found us at all. To me, Dr. Carlson’s work rivals the efforts
of Mister, and I say this as a great compliment.
Each weekend I have been
transcribing a little here and there from Dr. Carlson’s work. I finally got
finished only to realize there was still a lot of work to do. Dr. Carlson cited
so many sources. So this weekend, Memorial Day weekend, I have been going over
those transcriptions, and have been adding references, citations, at the
appropriate locations. I have left his original numbering just to show the vast
amount of research required on his part. Also it shows just how much I have
left out. What I have presented is just the tip of the iceberg. I couldn’t add
everything. I have probably missed some of the citations, but I suspect I have
nearly all of them.
Well, here are the
citations. I created 7 blog entries, and here are the citations mapped to those
seven.
When I have time, I’ll add
where these citations come from – please be patient. Thank.
Abbreviations
Carlson uses abbreviations
throughout. Here are a list of the abbreviations he used that I have
referenced. If I have used a citation once, I have not repeated it a second
time when it is used again. “[n. d.]” meaning “no date” is used on a few
occasions.
Carlson 1
Carlson, Richard Allen, Jr.:
1998a “Exploring the Enrollment Event of D. W. Siler, and Other Moments in the
Cherokee Diaspora: The Racial State, Colonial Momentum and the Eastern Cherokee
in the Nineteenth Century”. Unpublished Paper presented at the Fourteenth
Annual International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences,
Congress of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. July 26, 1998 on file at the
Michigan State University Department of Anthropology Library.
Worden, William L. 1947.
“Sons of the Legend”, Saturday Evening Post, October 18:28+. à [perhaps a typo?]
VSA-OCOB: Virginia State
Archives, Orange County Order Book
VHS-OLAS: Official Letters
of Alexander Spotswood, Volumes 1 and 2. Edited by Brock. Richmond, Virginia,
Virginia State Historical Society.
John Fontaine: 1972; The
Journal of John Fontaine: An Irish Huguenot Son in Spain and Virginia,
1710-1719. Edited with introduction by Edward Porter Alexander. Williamsburg,
Virginia: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
WMQ: William and Mary
Quarterly, Series 1-3, Williamsburg, Virginia: College of William and Mary.
VMHB: Unknown at present
CVSP: Calendar of Virginia
State papers, 1652-1869, W. P. Palmer et al., eds., Volumes 1-11. Richmond
(1875-1893).
Byrd, William. 1928. A
Journey to the Land of Eden and Other Papers. Macy-Masius, Vanguard Press.1967,
William Byrd’s Histories of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North
Carolina.. Introduction and notes by William K. Boyd and New Introduction by
Percy G. Adams. New York: Dover Publications.
6.] Carlson, 1996, Carlson
1998, Carlson 1999.
39.] Worden 1947, 29;
Carlson and Everett, 1995.
67.] VSA-OCOB Roll 31; 309;
January 1743; Grinnen 1889-1890; Scott 1907, 56.
115.] VHA-OLAS V2:63-65.
March 13, 1713. Spotswood to Bushop of London.
116.] Ibid.
117.] VHS-OLAS V2:52-55;
March 18, 1713. Spotswood to Earl of Dartmouth and Lords Comm’rs of Trade.
133.] Fontaine 1972, 98
136.] VHS-OLAS V2: 158-159.
May 23, 1716; August 1716; and November 27,1716; VHS-OLAS V1:41. September 17,
1716.
137.] WMQ V3, Ser. 2:40-45.
Journal of Lt. Governor’s Travels and Expedition: “The Spotswood’s Mileage
Accounts”,entries dated May 1716; July 9, 1716; and November 27, 1716; VHA-OLAS
V1:41. September 17, 1716.
150.] Documents of
Colonial History New York, V5: 673; VMHB V12:343-347, April 1, 1723.
Journal of the Virginia Executive Council; VMHB V12;343-347, April 1, 1723
151.] VMHB V12:343-347,
April 1, 1723. Journal of Virginia Executive Council, referring to the
proceedings of December 12, 1722.
181.] CVSP V1: 215. Sept
1728.
210.] Byrd, 1967, 120.
Carlson 2
MHB:
unknown at present
Mitchell,
John. 1993. Map of North America. [reprinted in Cummings, 1958].
Cummings,
William P., 1958. The Southeast in Early
Maps; With an Annotated Chick List of Printed and Manuscript Regional and Local
Maps of Southeastern North America During the Colonial Period, Princeton
University Press.
Alvord’s
Comments: unable to find at this time.
Kegley,
Mary B. and Kegley, F. B. 1980/1982. Early Adventurers on the West Waters of
Virginia in the Pioneer Days. Volume 1 and 2. Orange, Va. Green Publishing
Company.
VMHB:
unknown at present
Gregg,
Alexander. 1867, History of the Old Cheraw. , Continued Account of the
Aboriginees of Pee Dee, 1730-1810. New York.
Lewis,
Ernest. 1951. The Saura Indians 1540-1768: An Ethno-Archeological Study”.
Master’s Thesis, University of North Carolina.
Merill,
James H. 1985. The Indian’s New World:
Catawba’s and their Neighbors From European Contact to the Era of Removal. University
of North Carolina Press.
Mooney,
James. 1891. The Sacred Formula of the
Cherokees, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian
Institute.
NCSA:
North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh, N. C., File No. T. O. 105.1, Orange
County. N. C., Tax List.
Kegley,
F. B., Kegley’s Virginia: The Beginning of the Southwest, Roanoke oof Colonial
Days, 1740-1783. Roanoke, Va: The Southwest Virginia Historical Society.
Houck,
Peter W. and Maxham, Mintey D., Indian
Island in Amherst County, Lynchburg, Va.
Davis,
Rosalie, 1981. Louisa County, Virginia Tithables and Census 1743-1785.
Privately Published by author.
Elder,
Patricia Spurlock 1999. Melungeons,
Examening an Appalachian Legend, Blountville, Tn.: Continuity Press.
EAID-TL:
Early American Indian Documents- Treaties and Laws 1706-1786 (1979 Washington
D. C. University Publications of America.)
V 1:
Pennsylvania and Delaware treaties, 1629-1737. Donald H. Kent, ed.
V 2:
Pennsylvania Treaties, 1737-1756. Donald H. Kent, editor.
V 4:
Virginia Treaties, 1607-1722. W. Stitt Robinson, editor.
V 5:
Virginia Treaties, 1723-1775. W. Stitt Robinson, editor.
V 15:
Virginia and Maryland Laws, 1607-1789. A Vaughn and D. Rosen, eds.
V 16:
Carolina and Georgia Laws. A Vaughn and D. Rosen, eds.
233.] MHB V35:267-268.
October 22, 1729. Virginia Council Journals – Council Orders.
234.] Mitchell’s Notes and
Alvord’s Comment’s, n. p. 1755; Kegley and Kegley (1938); 11.
240.] VMHB V35:267-268.
October 22, 1729;Virginia Councils Journals.
241.] VMHB V35:267-268.
October 22, 1729; Virginia Councils Journals.
247.] Descriptions of
Sara/Cheraw history is provided in Gregg (1867), Lewis (1951), Merrill (1985),
Mooney (1894).
266.] VSA-OCOB Roll 31: n.
f. n. May 12, 1742; VSA-OCOB Roll 31:309. January 1743; Grinnen 1890:189-190);
Scott 1907:56.
267.] VMHB V 14:224-245.
Petition of Alex’r Maurchtoon, BSA-OCOB Rolls 30:and 31.
268.] VSA-OCOB Roll 30; n.
f. n., 1740; Scott 1907:56.
269.] Ibid.
270.] VSA-OCOD Roll. 31: n.
f. n. May 12, 1742.
274.] NCSA-RBCOM. 2.4-132-n.
August 22, 1743. Gooch to Colonial Office.
285.] Kegleys 1938; Houck
993, 31-35; “General Map of the Middle Brittish Colonies and the Country of the
Confederate Indian”,by Lewis Evans, Second Edition, 1755, Philadelphia. Not far
south of the Nassayn on the James were a number of “Monacan” Indians who
frequented the trading posts of hughes and his wife Nikketti (a Pamunkey
woman), or the post belonging to their mixed blood son Davis who opened a new
post about this time on Peddler’s River. Thre very likely was a personal
interaction between these Monacan, the Powhattan mixed blood traders and the
Christian Saponi during the mid-1700s.
286.] Davis, 1981, 157,
Liousa County Court documents, entry dated , June, 25, 1745. Also shown living
here and concealing tythables were men named William Hall, Benjamin Brannum and
William Donothan. I have yet to confirm these men’s conection to the Christian
Saponi, but at least two probably were white men connected through
intermarriage. The Branham surname becomes common among the Monacan Indians of
the region later in the century, suggesting a genealogical connection between
the Christian Saponi and the Monacans existed during this era. The Benjamin
Brannum charged here with concealing tithables on the afore mentioned 1745 list
was apparently a white man who had lived in the county since at least 1745.
Benjamin married a daughter of Gilbert Gibson. See Hauck (1993), and Elder
(1999),, for more in depth discussions on the Monacan Branham families.
287.] EAID-TL V4: 152, Act
of May 9,1723. This act was revised in 1748 and held until 1777. For a
discussion of the complications involved in interpreting old tax lists like
these, see Carroll (1996: 5).
-- start here --
Carroll,
Cornelious, 1996. How to Use Tax Lists. Harold, Ky.
-- start here --
Carlson 3
289.] See NAM M805-355:
55-62. January 19, 1839. Revolutionary War Pension Application of Charles
Gibson.
293.] Cumming (1958); Plate
57, “A Map of the Inhabited Part of Virginia 1751 [1753], by Joshua Fry and
Peter Jefferson; “General map of the Middle British Colonies and the Country of
the Confederate Indian”, by Lewis Evans, second edition, 1755, Philadelphia;
Bowen (1752): A New and Accurate Map of the Provinces of North and South Carolina
&c” n. p.; John Mitchell, Map of North America, 1755.
299.] Bowen (1752); A New
and Accurate Map of the Provinces of North and South Carolina &c” n. p.
300.] Revealing problems one
encounters in colonial cartography, Mitchell’s map does not reflect that Orange
County had been formed from Granville 2 years prior.
301.] See Documents Related
to Indian Affairs, SC 1958, 454. Proceeding to the Council Concerning Indian Affairs,,
July 23, 1753; Robert Steel to Gov. Glen.
310.] EAID-TL V4: 105, 366.
312.] Extract of Lunenburg
County, Va, Tax List, as cited in Carroll (1996): 16.
314.] Elder 1999, 223, 323.
Like the Sizemores, Moses Ridley’s own tribal heritage remains unknown. From
this information one might assume that the Riddle’s and the Sizemore’s were of
the same tribal affiliation, although one can not say for sure. It is thought
by some descendants today that Moses may
have been the father-in-law of Tom Collins Jr. (see Blackburn et al, 1988: 5).
315.] NSCA File no. T. O. 105.1:
1755 Orange Co., NC, Tax List.
316.] This name “Mager” may
be a misspelling of “Micager”. However, it too could be a misspelling of “Major”,
referring to a commission like the earlier “Captain Tom” up in Orange County
over a decade before.
317.] NSCA File no. T. O.
105.1: 1755 Orange Co., Tax List.
338.] OCNC-AMCPQS: 66.
Minutes, February [n. d.] 1761. Ogle vs. Ben Bolin.
339.] For example, see CRNC
V7: 306. November 17, 1766. A bill to prevent hunting and killing deer . . .
Carlson 4
343.] CRNC V5: 141-144.
August 12, 1754. “Treaty . . . Between Alexander Osborn and James Carter, Esq. Commissioners,
and the Catawba Indians”; VMHB V13: 225-265. 1756. “A Treaty between the Virginia
and the Catawbas and Cherokees”. See also CSRNC V11: 179-205, 1763. Minutes of
Governor’s Conference (Fort Augusta) with the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Catawba’s and
the Cherokees”. At that conference, King Hagler, the primary Chief of the Catawbas,
represented the Catawbas and their several
tribes or nations.
344.] Schoolcraft, 1853, Pt.
3, citing Col. Boquet’s “Warrior census of Indian Nations, 1764”, Cumming 1958:
A COmpleat Map of North Carolina”, 1770 by John A. Collett.
352.] Magazine of Virginia Genealogy,
V35, N3: 208-211. Delinquent Tax List of Botetourt County, Va., 1773,
transcribed by Julia Case, and V 25, N1: 11-19. “A Tithable List for Botetourt
Parish, Fincastle Co., Va., Ctb., Richard Slatten; Kegley and Kegley 1980, 35;
Kegley 1938.
351.] WSA-DC-PVP, 3QQ64.
July 13, 1774. Cap. Russell to Col. Preston. WSA-DC-PVP, [n. d. 1772].
353.] Ibid. Old Tom Collins,
however, was not shown although other documents suggest he was in the area at
that time. It may be that he was living far enough downstream on the New River
to be considered in North Carolina jurisdiction that year (see Wilkes County,
NC Land Entry Book 1012; June 9, 1770, deed of Hohn Livingston.). Kegley and Kegley
(1980): 35, also lists people who had “runaway” from the county without paying
their taxes, and included Charles and William Sexton, William Cox, the famous
longhunter James Newman, and a number of men from the Blevins family. The
Blevins would become intimately tied with the mixed-blood Sizemore family after the
Revolution.
357.] For an interesting
perspective on the debates surrounding setting the Indian boundary line, in the
Cherokee treaties of 1767/1768 and 1770 (the Lockabee Treaty), see VMHB V 12:
26; “Virginia and the Cherokees: The Treaties of 1768 and 1770”, which also
contains correspondences and a copy of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. These
Cherokee treaties fixed the Cherokee boundary line at the Laurel Fork of the
Holston which divided Virginia from Lord Glanville’s property in North Carolina
(see map 7).
Carlson 5
423.] NAM M685 R7-11: Misc.
Testimonies, Sizemore Case, 21-22. April 1, 1908. Testimony of James Woody,
Laurel Springs, NC; Jordan (1987): 144-145.
424.] See EAID-TL V5:
18-19.. Dec. 11, 1734. “Cherokee Seek Closer Relationship with Virginia,
Tributaries, and Northern Indians”.
501.] See NAM M. 1104, R87
Appl. 8584, Wm. Blevins. NAM M687, Misc. Testimony, Sizemore Case 60-62, Marion,
Va., Apr. 1908; Jorday 1987: 169.
503.] NAM M. 1104 R. 151:
Appl. 16346, Feb. 1, 1907. Shepherd Cole, Gullett, Ky; NAM M. 1104, R253: Appl.
31699, Aug 6, 1907. J. M. Collins Brainard, Ky.; NAM M1104, R278: Appl. 35326.
Sookey Nickles, Sublett, Ky., NAM M1104 R 253: Appl. 31696. Aug 1, 1907,
Anderson Cole, Ivyton, Ky; NAM M1104 R252: Appl. 31624. Aug 1, 1907.
Carlson 6
39.] Worden 1947, 29,
Carlson and Everett (1995).
189.] Byrd 1967: 29
195.] Ibid 17, 92
322.] Fontaine 1972: 28
983.] Burnett (1889):
347-349. Burnett was medical doctor and not a trained ethnologist, historian or
anthropologist.
991.] Burnett (1889)
347-349.
994.] Cocke County borders
North Carolina, and thus is actually closer to the White Top Band of Cherokee
and the now defunct New River Indian Community. Burnett may have indeed
encountered more people from White Top than from Greasy Rock while living in
Cocke County, although families from both areas did occasionally hire out as
laborers in the valleys.
997.] Ibid.
999.] Ibid.
1000.] Ibid.
1004.] Sider (1993), 75, 79,
82, 88, 170.
1007.] See Dromgoole (1891a,
1891b) in the Arena and her earlier articles published in the Nashville Daily
American (hereafter cited as NDA) under the name “Will Allen”. See “Land of the
Malungeons” by Will Allen. August [n. d.] 1890, NDA: P. 10; Will Allen Comes Back
at Her Credics in Gallant Style” September [n.d.] 1890. N. D. A.: P. 3. “A Strange
People: Habits, Customs, and Characteristics of Malungeons”, Sept. 14, 1890,
NDA, P 10, C 5-6.
1008.] “A Strange People:
Habits, Customs, and Characteristics of Malungeons”, Sept. 14, 1890, NDA, P 10,
C 5-6.
1026.] For example, see Wordon (1947).
Carlson 7
524.] War of 1812 enlisted
East Tennessee Drafted Militia, as cited in AQ V3 N4: 7, Blackburn et al (1998:
7); Dromgoole, (1891), see chapter 15.
534.] Southwest Virginia
Historical Society Archives – Map of Southwest Virginia, circa 1820. As per
notes of C. S. E. and B. K. I have not yet personally seen this map as it has
been misplaced or removed.
538.] Southwest Virginia
Historical Society Archives – Map of Southwest Virginia, circa 1820. As per
notes of C. S. E.
546.] Hawkins County, Tn.,
Land Plat Book, entry dated Nov. 6, 1937, as cited in [a.u.] 1990.
896.] See NAM M1104 R135:
Appl. 13895. John B. Brummett, Jan 28, 1907, Denver, Co.; NAM M1104 R135: Appl.
13895. Emmaline Connor, Jan 28, 1907, Valley, Ok, with enclosures September 1,
1908, Misc. testimony taken by H. Ketron, Asst. Special Commissioner, and May
24, 1909, E. Connor to Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
899.]
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